A Quick Tour of Jupiters Moons

A Quick Tour of Jupiters Moons Meet the Moons of Jupiter The planet Jupiterâ is the biggest world in the close planetary system. It has at any rate 67 known moons and a meager dusty ring. Its four biggest moons are known as the Galileans, after stargazer ​Galileo Galilei, who found them in 1610. The individual moon names are Callisto, Europa, ​Ganymede, and Io, and originate from Greek folklore. In spite of the fact that stargazers contemplated them broadly starting from the earliest stage, wasnt until the principal shuttle investigations of the Jupiter framework that we knew how weird these little universes are. The main shuttle to picture them were the Voyager tests in 1979. From that point forward, these four worldsâ have been investigated by the Galileo, Cassini and New Horizons missions, which gave incredibly great perspectives on these little moons. The Hubble Space Telescope has likewise considered and imaged Jupiter and the Galileans commonly. The Juno crucial Jupiter, which showed up in summer 2016, will give more pictures of these small universes as it circles around the mammoth planet taking pictures and data.â Investigate the Galileans Io is the nearest moon to Jupiter and, at 2,263 miles over, is the second littlest of the Galilean satellites. It is frequently called the â€Å"Pizza Moon† in light of the fact that its beautiful surface resembles a pizza pie. Planetary researchers discovered it was a volcanic world in 1979â when the Voyager 1 and 2 rocket flew by and caught the first very close pictures. Io has more than 400 volcanoes that regurgitate sulfur and sulfur dioxide over the surface, toâ give it that bright look. Since these volcanoes are continually repaving Io, planetary researchers state that its surface isâ geologically young.â Europa is the littlest of the Galilean moons. It quantifies just 1,972 miles acrossâ and is made for the most part of rock. Europa’s surface is a thick layer of ice, and underneath it,â there might be a salty expanse of water aboutâ 60 miles down. Incidentally Europaâ sends tufts of water outâ into wellsprings that tower in excess of 100 miles over the surface. Those tufts have been found in information sent back by Hubble Space Telescope. Europa is regularly referenced as a spot that could be livable for certain types of life. It has a vitality source, just as natural material that could help in the arrangement of life, in addition to a lot of water. Regardless of whether it is or not stays an open inquiry. Space experts have since a long time ago discussed sending missions to Europa to scan for proof of life. Ganymede is the biggest moon in the close planetary system, estimating 3,273 miles over. It’s made generally of rock and has a layer of salt water in excess of 120 miles beneath the cratered and dried up surface. Ganymede’s scene is isolated between two kinds of landforms: extremely old cratered districts which are dim hued, and more youthful regions containing depressions and edges. Planetary researchers found an extremely slender environment on Ganymede, and it’s the main moon known so far that has its own attractive field. Callisto is the third-biggest moon in the nearby planetary group and, at 2,995 miles in distance across, is almost a similar size as the planet Mercury (which is a little more than 3,031 miles over). It’s the most far off of the four Galilean moons. Callisto’s surface reveals to us that it was barraged since its commencement. Its 60-mile thick surface is secured with pits. That proposes the frosty hull is old and hasn’t been reemerged through ice volcanism. There might be a subsurface water sea on Callisto, yet conditions for life to emerge there are less positive than for neighboring Europa.â Discovering Jupiters Moons From Your Back Yard At whatever point Jupiter is noticeable in the evening time sky, attempt to locate the Galilean moons. Jupiter itself is very brilliant, and its moons will look like minuscule specks on either side of it. Under great dull skies, they can be seen through a couple of binoculars. A great patio type telescopeâ will give a superior view, and for the devoted stargazer, a bigger telescope will show the moons AND highlights in Jupiter’s beautiful mists.

Customer Retention Strategies Essay

Expect you are doing a study hall introduction on client maintenance techniques. Rehash your reactions to the What Do You Think? questions that you finished all through this section. 1.What are some assistance mentalities and practices that advance holding clients? Client maintenance allude to a procedure to take the necessary steps to keep a company’s current clients on a drawn out premise (Gibson, 2012). Holding clients is empowered by magnificent client support that produces numerous positive advantages for the association. Holding clients through viable client support empowers simpler development, in a roundabout way and straightforwardly. At the point when the clients are glad and fulfilled then the staff is cheerful also (2009). You can improve the client incitement by offering limits, advancements and having dynamic deals endeavors will keep a relationship with your client and draw in them to purchase a greater amount of the items or administration you sell. Upon the association, you can distinctly screen the clients for indications of steady loss, for example, a reduction/increment in calls. On the off chance that you build up an exact crusade system, at that point you will forestall high hazard clients and you will have the option to hold in more quickly way. At the point when you can improve the exactness and clearness of your charging procedure, you can go far toward limiting client stress. Expanding the intensity of the administration association and the business group to address client grumblings immediately and offer maintenance situated advancements are different approaches to conciliate disappointed clients. While doing this, you are tending to the key wellsprings of client disappointment (2011). 2 .What help issues must be painstakingly tended to by the CSRs to hold clients over a significant stretch of time? A furious, disappointed client. When managing these clients, tune in to what they need to state while they clarify their concern. Offer an expression of remorse andâ empathize with them regardless of whether you don’t concur with their objection, you telling them that you can and may come up an answer for help them. After things have been explained, do a catch up with them. 3. Which aptitudes ought to CSRs exhibit that keep clients returning for additional items? You generally need to keep your clients cheerful and fulfilled so they can keep working with the organization. Convey and tune in to your clients. At the point when you tune in to your clients, you can discover what they needs and needs are. Pose inquiries concerning them like: How you doing? Is your day going alright? Did you appreciate the item or administration that you bought? Tell them that you value their business. Keep an uplifting mentality with the clients. Grin when you are conversing with the client; on the off chance that you are on the telephone despite everything grin despite the fact that the client can’t see it, they will feel it. Talk unmistakably do whatever it takes not to talk so quick to where the client can get you. To wrap things up stay objective. You will likely ensure they are cheerful. I think if the CSRs utilize these abilities, they wouldn’t have any issues losing clients. References: Client care. (2009). Recovered June 1, 2014, from www.businessballs.com: http://www.businessballs.com Gibson, P. (2012). Client Retention. In P. Gibson, World of Customer Service (p. 118). Artisan, OH: Cengage Learning. Thorton, V. (2011, December 14). Three Keys to Attracting and Retaining Customers or Clients. Recovered June 1, 2014, from www.evanmichael.com: http://www.evanmichael.com

SAT and ACT Announce Changes for 2017-18 Testing Season

SAT to Limit International Test Dates, ACT Adding July Administration Last year saw some big changes for the SAT, and now both the College Board, which administers the SAT, and the ACT have announced changes for the 2017-18 testing season, including tighter security, new test dates, and more. Recently, cheating and test security has been a major problem within SAT administrations, particularly overseas. This has caused many international administrations to be cancelled, scores invalidated, and investigations into how tests are leaked and test questions compromised before the exam is administered. As a result, the SAT has announced some changes to security, testing dates, and more to ensure the integrity of the test. The ACT has also announced some testing date changes, in order to keep pace with the SAT. Below are some changes to the SAT and ACT for 2017-18. August SAT Debuts This Year Previously, it was announced that the SAT would offer an August administration beginning in 2017. This August test will give college bound seniors an extra chance to take the exam before applying to college in the fall. It can also give students extra time to focus on SAT prep this summer. Registration for the August SAT is not open yet, but the registration deadline is July 17. ACT Announces July Test The ACT recently announced that beginning in 2018 it will offer a July exam. This will increase the number of testing dates from six to seven. Unlike the SAT, which removed the January test to accommodate its new August administration, the ACT won’t be removing a current test date in order to include the new July testing. With this additional test date, students will now have seven chances to take the ACT each year. This additional testing date can have an impact on students' ACT prep, so it's important to make a test prep plan as early as possible. Tighter SAT Security Issues with SAT test security and cheating have been pervasive over the last year, with many tests administered overseas either cancelled or scores invalidated because of concerns over whether or not the tests were compromised. According to the College Board, some of the new Security measures will include: Providing the names of test prep companies and individuals we suspect of stealing and receiving secure test content to law enforcement and other government agencies in the U.S. and abroad. Prohibiting individuals from taking the SAT, SAT Subject Tests, and Advanced Placement Exams when we conclude they have gained or attempted to gain or share an unfair advantage on any College Board test. Exploring with both colleges and high schools effective ways to share with them – consistent with applicable laws and contractual obligations – whether their applicants or attending students, respectively, have gained or attempted to gain or share an unfair advantage on any College Board test. Increasing test center audits worldwide. Making it easier for students and educators to confidentially and anonymously report suspected cheating. Expanding the College Board's criteria for barring registrants who are taking the SAT for other than one of its intended purposes. Fewer International SAT Test Dates As part of the College Board’s effort to curb cheating overseas, the number of international administrations of the SAT will be limited. This includes canceling the June 2017 international SAT administration. Changes to the international testing schedule include: Reducing the international testing dates for the SAT to four for the 2017-18 and 2018-19 school years, with administrations in October, December, March, and May. Recognizing that international students use both the SAT and SAT Subject Tests to build competitive applications, SAT Subject Tests will be available in October, November, December, May, and June. Canceling the June 2017 international SAT administration, as part of the change to the international test administration schedule. SAT Subject Tests will be available during the June 2017 administration. It’s important to stay informed on testing changes, as this can impact students’ college prep and test prep timelines. For more information on how to best prepare for the SAT or ACT, contact us today. For additional resources on the SAT, ACT, and changes to both exams, check out the below links: SAT Score Conversion Chart Everything You Need to Know About the New SAT: Part I Everything You Need to Know About the New SAT: Part II What Does An August SAT Date Mean For Students? ACT Changing Scoring on the Optional Writing Test SAT and ACT Score Release Dates SAT and ACT Test Dates and Registration Deadlines SAT vs. ACT: Which College Entrance Exam Should You Take? Additional Resources for the ACT Additional Resources for the SAT

Learn the French Word La Parole

The French word la parole,  pronounced pah-ruhl, means word, speech, or lyrics. Examples Quel est le sens de ces paroles? What do these words mean?Elle a la parole facile.She is a fluent/good speaker.Cest un homme de parole.Hes a man of his word. Expressions tenir sa parole: to keep ones wordavoir la parole: to have the floor, or a turn to speakvoilà   une bonne parole: good thinkingdes paroles en air: idle talk Related Words un parolier: songwriter

The Epidemic Rates Of Mental Health Concerns - 844 Words

There exists a limited amount of research in the field of child and youth mental health despite the high level of documented need in this area (Nadeau, Rousseau Measham, 2012). In fact, near epidemic rates of mental health concerns have been found: 1 in 5 young people have some sort of mental, behavioral, or emotional program; 1 in 8 have a serious depression; and 1 in 10 may have a severe emotional program . . . For those with major depression, approximately 20 percent develop bipolar disorder within five years of the initial onset. (p. 10, Johnson, Eva, Johnson, Walker, 2010). For these reasons, and others less tangible yet important benefits, it is critical that each case is treated carefully, individualized, with a wraparound approach that emphasizes the family model of collaborative care (Nadeau, Rousseau Measham, 2012; Miller, Blau, Christopher Jordan, 2012). In fact, the term ‘reclaiming’ can be applied to this work as it emphasizes the ideals of a holistic, well rounded approach, one that strives â€Å"for optimal health rather than just alleviating the suffering associated with mental illness† (p. 571, Miller et al, 2012). Increasingly, collaborative care models are involving non-medical professionals, like Child and Youth Mental Health (CYMH) therapists (Nadeau, Rousseau Measham, 2012). The CYMH therapist becomes part of a team that includes and respects the input of the family unit, engaging the family in the intervention and care plan (Miller, Blau,Show MoreRelatedMental Health Is A Never Ending Concern For The American Pop ulation Essay1305 Words   |  6 PagesMental Health is a never-ending concern for the American population due to the lack of data. This lack of date fails to give accurate information and better understanding on seeing how suffers of mental health illness is being addressed. Due to the unpredictability of when a mental illness may strike would be the leading factor to fully link how to predict and quickly find corrective resources to better educated, or reach the right people to better manage their mental health. Therefore, many communitiesRead MoreFighting the Obesity Epidemic in the UK912 Words   |  4 PagesPublic health aims prevention of health problems before they occur and mainly focuses on population rather than individual (Thorbory, 2009). It also helps to improve the health and well being of individuals, communities and the wider population and prevent from mortality and disability (Nursing Times.net, 2013). Prevention such as immunisation and screening, Protection suc h as safety and protection from abuse and promotion such as health education are the three main approaches of public health (RCNRead MoreDoes Counseling Help Children with Issues of Obesity? Obesity in children is an epidemic that700 Words   |  3 PagesDoes Counseling Help Children with Issues of Obesity? Obesity in children is an epidemic that continues to be a serious problem in our nation. Over the past thirty years, childhood obesity rates in the United States have tripled, and currently, approximately one in three children in the U.S. are overweight or obese. High body mass index (BMI) among children and adolescents is a public health concern in the United States (Ogden, Carroll, Curtin, Lamb Flegal, 2010). According to the CentersRead MoreCare For Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, And Transgenient Care In The Patient1313 Words   |  6 Pagestransgender patients has significantly increases since the AIDs epidemic that began in the mid-to-late 70s, it is still not where it needs to be. This is apparent from the fact that LGBT youth have a higher risk of attempting suicide, lesbians are at higher risk of developing cancers, especially breast cancer; and gay men and transgender individuals are at higher risk of HIV and other STDs (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health). As a member of the LGBT+ community who is also an aspiring physicianRead MoreThe Health Problem Of Obesity Essay1027 Words   |  5 Pagesperhaps the most concerning health problem our nation faces today. With national obesity rates nearing 38% for adults, we are eating ourselves into an early grave, and we are doing it in massive numbers. (State of Obesity). The National Institute of Health categorizes anyone with a body mass index between 25 and 29 as overweight, and one of 30 or higher as obese. (textbook). Being in this weight category brings along a multiplicity of health issues, both physical and mental. An increased risk of heartRead MoreEffects Of Prescription Painkillers On The United States1050 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen a major concern for the growing number of deaths concerning prescription painkillers. Families and Friends are highly livid due to the lack of support from the government on implementing an action to restrict the number of painkillers distributed specifically in a medical center where Doctors have the absolute control of distributing these painkillers to patients. Sacramento being known as one of the most historic cities in the United States is facing an alarming percentage rate of overdosingRead MoreScience Supporting Mental Illness And The Diagnosis Thereof1546 Words   |  7 Pagesfield dedicated to the science supporting mental illness and the diagnosis thereof. Today there exists two widely adopted methodologies to diagnosing and classifying mental disorders amongst psychology and psychiatry professionals. One process; the ICD-10 (International Statistical Classification of Disease), which is maintained by the World Health Organization, was adopted by the United Nations with the introduction of the first section on Mental Health in the 1949 publication of ICD-6. The DSM-5Read MoreObesity : A Global Public Health Concern1420 Words   |  6 PagesObesity epidemic still remains in the U.S., and obesity rates are rising around the world. It becomes a global public health concern. According to CDC Non-Hispanic blacks have the highest age-adjusted rates of obesity (47.8%) followed by Hispanics (42.5%), non-Hispanic whites (32.6%), and non-Hispanic Asians (10.8%) Obesity is higher among middle age adults, 40-59 years old (39.5%) than among younger adults, age 20-39 (30.3%) or adults over 60 or above (35.4%) adults. Obesity is raging in the blackRead MoreEvidence Of The Need For Improved Suicidal Screening1474 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suicide is the tenth leading cause of death in the United States (US) as of the 2015 Suicide Facts at a Glance Report. In 2013 there were 41,149 suicides in the US which calculates to a rate of 12.6 per 100,000 or 113 suicides each day or one every 13 minutes (Centers of Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015). Emergency departments are often a resource for those seeking assistance for suicidal ideations. This paper will discussRead MoreThe Obesity Epidemic Of The United States Affects A Mass Portion Of All Children And Adolescents945 Words   |  4 PagesThe obesity epidemic here in the United States affects a mass portion of all children and adolescents. The rapid growth in childhood obesity has become a prevalent health concern that is overlooked due to its’ normality. The main focus of this issue has always been fixated on how to help those facing current problems with obesity. Instead, attention needs to be brought to the prevention of our country’s #1 leading health concern, which has yet to be compromised. This ignorance has led millions of

Catching Up free essay sample

My family and I used to be close when i was a child, i always recieved good grades throughout elementary school and i tries my hardest to make my parents proud. Then an unfortunate circumstance we call middle school occured, i decided to go into what basically amount to honors classes and it started out alright. I had previously ended last year (6th grade) with around half As and half Bs and my parents were happy; my first report card in 7th grade was different though, it wasnt an A/B report card it was a B average report card, with a new blemish i hadnt ever had before, a D. My parents attempted to stop the possibility of me thinking this would be an exceptable grade by punishing me, i didnt take it well and decided that hey i got an idea, im going to do what i want and never talk to my parents or ask for their help, that will show them im mature and can handle myself, it turns out that my idea went about as bad as possible, i fumbled through the rest of my middle school career w ith most likely a C average. We will write a custom essay sample on Catching Up or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then highschool came around, freshmen year i put in alot more effort and my grade were at a 3.2 gpa. Next year my gpa took a hit and fell to a 2.5, I was immature at the end of sohpmore year and just made excuses, I wasnt sure what had really happened but i now know, I had an extremely fun year in 8th grade and had a great time socially, i wanted to get better grades so i could hangout with my friends more. Freshman year i had a very hard time socially though, i was childish and so were my used to be friends, i dont want to get into the details but i got hurt emotionally and it killed my drive to get good grades, i didnt see any reason to get good grades other then to be able to have more freedome anyways. This oh my life is so hard boo hoo apathetic attitude continued till the middle of junior year, something happened, something really significant; i got home from school and my report card had already gotten to my house via mail, my grades werent good and my dad broke down in tear s crying, he said Jacob, your mother invests so much in you, (emotionally) you always lie to her and tell her you will get better grades, you always tell her you will do this and that and improve! Your mother and I are having a tough time in our marriage right now and she is always upset, i just know it, please give her something to be happy for, please get goood grades, make your mother happy son she loves you so much she just wants you to succeed. You have to do better rather grades mean anything or not to you they do to colleges, you dont want to be my age and do construction for your friends because you need some extra money, its no life you want, please son, just get better grades. This was the tipping point i decided that if i wanted something i needed to give it my all, my grades all steadily improved from then on out, so has every other aspect of my life. There is only one thing i truely believe is always true when it comes to getting what you want, if you arent chasing something with all your drive, you shouldnt expect to catch it.

Mental Health Bipolar Disorder Problem

Bipolar disorder is a mental condition that alters brain functioning of the patients. In a study carried out in Washington, researchers tried to find out prevalence of treated bipolar disorder in the region. It was carried out in a Health Maintenance Organization (HMO). This essay summarizes the study, which focused on mental health issues.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mental Health: Bipolar Disorder Problem specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Method of Study A group of 294,284 patients who had been treated by HMO health care providers, and others, who had registered as health maintenance organization members, formed the basis of the study. Automated data was used to find out the total number of patients who had been treated for bipolar disorder between 1995 and 1996. Computerized diagnosis of outpatient and inpatient visits and use of mood stabilizers was used to identify individuals who showed signs of bipolar disorder. A review of outpatient records was later conducted randomly in order to confirm validity of the procedure used to identify patients with bipolar disorder (Simon Katon, 1998). Results The study showed that prevalence of treated bipolar disorder was at 42 percent. It was discovered that rates of treated bipolar disorder were higher in women, young people and families that were HMO members. In addition, women who were enrolled in individual plans that were part of HMO and Basic Health Plan programs for poor families exhibited higher rates of treated bipolar prevalence. The total number of patients who were treated for bipolar disorder was 1,236. Out of this number, at least 93 percent had visited specialized mental health institutions. On the other hand, 86 percent had been given medication to stabilize their moods. The percentage that was treated with antidepressants, benzodiazepine or antipsychotic was small. Importance of the Study The study was important because bipolar disorder was a common mental condition that affected many people. It was therefore crucial to find out its prevalence since it affected a large number of women immediately they gave birth, something that exposed them to other illnesses. Despite the fact that a lot of work was required in order to manage individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder, it was important to recognize it early enough in order to administer medication. The study was also important because it made it possible for patients who had been treated for bipolar disorder to be identified. The condition affected a large number of people, but some of them did not consider treatment, hence they did not seek medical attention in good time.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the study made it possible for health care providers to evaluate the kind of treatment patients who had visited mental health institut ions received. This was important because different medications were essential when bipolar disorder patients exhibited certain symptoms. Limitations of the Study The first limitation that made the study difficult was lack of accurate records for patients who had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. This was due to the fact that some of them had not visited mental health institutions. As a result, health care providers could not get their actual numbers. The second limitation was risk of data loss because computerized systems were used to carry out the study. Conclusions After the study was conducted, it was concluded that the rate of bipolar treated prevalence in the HMO population was higher compared with the one that had been recorded for prepaid health schemes. However, large population surveys gave a lower estimate. Many patients who were treated received medication for mood stabilization and special services related to mental health. Reference Simon, G., Katon, W. (1998). Th e treated prevalence of bipolar disorder in a large staff-model HMO. This essay on Mental Health: Bipolar Disorder Problem was written and submitted by user Kaitlin Brennan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Soil Analysis Essay Example

Soil Analysis Essay Example Soil Analysis Essay Soil Analysis Essay Soil forms the basis of the world we live in. It is the top layer of the Earths surface, consisting of rock and mineral particles mixed with organic matter. There are many varieties of soil around the world from Clay to Sand and from Rainforest to Mud. Different types of soil have their own individual characteristics that in turn affect the suitability of growth. This is due to different nutrient levels, water holding capability, pH etc. Many species of plants have adapted to better suit their soil environment. These adaptations have allowed certain plant species to thrive in an area in which other plants would never survive. Mangroves are highly admired for the way they have adapted to live in a saline environment. Flora naturally need freshwater to survive just as we do. Then how can mangroves survive growing in salt water? Mangroves have adapted to filter out the salt when it is absorbed along with the nutrient filled water. This salt is excreted through roots, leaves and bark. What is left is freshwater that can be used by the mangrove. This may seem like a big deal when you could just grow in fresh water however this adaptation allows mangroves to have less competition from other flora. The following experiments are to observe the individual characteristics of 3 different Zones of Mangrove Mud and also Beach, Rainforest and Clay Soil. The purpose of these experiments is to carry out various experiments and thus observe the different characteristics of soils. These characteristics can be compared to see how differences in soil might determine the type of vegetation that grows there. Safety Precautions: Make sure gloves are worn at all times as there are some harmful bacteria and diseases in dirt. Experiment 1 Soil Texture: Aim: To find the percentage of sand, clay and silt in different soil samples. Prediction: I predict that the soil with the highest percentage of sand will be the Trinity Beach sample. The soil with the highest percentage of clay will be the Clay sample. The soil with the highest percentage of silt will be the Outer Zone Mangrove Sample. Materials: * 6 x 200mL measuring cylinders * 3 x Mud samples from different areas of the mangroves (Inner, Middle and Outer Zones) * Ruler with mm measurements * Disposable Gloves * 3 x Samples of various areas (Beach, Rainforest and Clay Soil) * Spoons * Sieve Diagram: (For Step 4 and 5) Procedure: 1. Sift all of the samples to remove insoluble lumps of dirt, plant debris etc. 2. Measure 40mL of the first dried sample (for example Inner Zone Mud) into a measuring cylinder and label it accordingly. 3. Fill the cylinder with 200mL of water and shake until all the dirt particles are mixed throughout the water. 4. Put the cylinder down on a level bench and measure the depth of the sediment after the following time intervals: 30 seconds, 30 minutes, and 12 hours. 5. Repeat for each dirt sample. Record results on the table. Results: Mangrove Mud: Inner Zone Mud Middle Zone Mud Outer Zone Mud Stoney Creek Rainforest Trinity Beach Soil Clay Soil 30s depth (sand) 30 min depth 12 hour depth (total depth) 17 mm 30 mm 41 mm 11 mm 20 mm 37 mm 5 mm 34 mm 51 mm Minimal 29 mm 38 mm 28 mm 32 mm 33 mm 12 mm 25 mm 54 mm Sand layer (30s depth) Silt layer (30 min 30s depth) Clay layer (12h 30min depth) 17 mm 13 mm 11 mm 11 mm 9 mm 17 mm 5 mm 29 mm 17 mm Minimal à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 29 mm 9 mm 28 mm 4 mm 1 mm 12 mm 13 mm 29 mm % Sand = Sand depth Total depth 41.46 % 29.73 % 9.80 % Minimal 84.85 % 22.22 % % Silt = Silt depth Total depth 31.71 % 24.32 % 56.86 % à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 76.32 % 12.12 % 24.07 % % Clay = Clay depth Total depth 26.83 % 45.95 % 33.34 % 23.68 % 3.03 % 53.70 % Discussion: There are many different kinds of soil and they all have there own individual characteristics that affect the flora growth in that type of soil. These characteristics are things like: * The capacity of soil to hold minerals and water * The movement (capillary action) of water into soil * The drainage ability of water through the soil These are just a few of the characteristics affected by the amounts of clay, sand and silt present in the soil. These three sediment types were determined through the experiment above. It was determined that the soil sample with the highest percentage of sand was Trinity Beach with 84.95% of the sample being made up of sand. This is obviously no surprise but note how it is still made up of other types of sediment. On average sand is made of silica which is a mineral similar to quartz and opal. This is a hard substance that resists erosion. This insoluble mineral does not offer the best conditions for flora growth as nutrient and water trapping in the soil is difficult. The sand in the Trinity Beach area upholds the characteristics outlined for silica however due to the results above it is evident that the soil also contains 12.12% of silt and 3.03% of clay. These other sediments may help to trap the necessary nutrients for plant growth in the soil. The flora that grows on the beach is hardy (casuarinas and Spinifex). This is due to the limited amount of water and nutrients available. The highest percentage of Silt in the soil samples was Stoney Creek rainforest (76.32%). Rainforest is a nutrient high area where flora growth is prominent. This nutrient level is due to the way silt (and also clay) traps the nutrient rich water needed for the extensive growth. Silt is made up of finely eroded rock (this rock is largely made up of quartz and feldspar). This sedimentary silt is washed down with the rain and is trapped amongst the roots of trees. In relation to the mangroves, this silt is washed downstream in the annual floods and trapped in the particular roots (stilt, prop etc). This root network holds the nutrient laden silt to be used when needed. Without these roots (if the mangroves are cut down) the silt will wash through along with the nutrients. This silt collects at river mouths, causing shallower water and in the case of the nearby Great Barrier Reef in the Cairns area silt deposits that destroys the original habitat. Obviously the clay soil sample contained the highest percentage of clay (53.70%). Clay, when wet, is a flexible substance that can be moulded at will. When dry it becomes rock like and perfect for holding soil together. This characteristic is highly beneficial to the environment in the way it helps to prevent erosion. Clay is not necessarily highly nutrient filled sediment but, like clay, it is finer grained and holds a lot of water. Soil with high clay percentages is not a preferable flora environment because it is not well draining. Some plants still live in clay soil and many Australian plants have adapted to this especially wattles. Mangrove Mud contains its fair share of clay (ranging from 36% to 46%). This clay is responsible for the sticky characteristic of mud when it is wet. Clay helps to hold the mud together to avoid it being washed into the river or wetland. Clay is not well draining and could be responsible for the way mangrove mud appears to be wet even when the tide ha s long since gone out. It was often difficult to take readings of the amount of soil that had settled at different time periods. In the case of the mud samples they are rich in silt and clay and this clouded the water. It was difficult to determine what was actually settled from what was still suspended in the water above. A reading was taken and this was compared to readings taken when the water had cleared and all particles had settled. At this stage it was quite easy to see the different sediments that had settled. This difficulty in recording the levels could give reason for an amount of percentage error. Conclusion: The different sedimentary percentages analysed in this experiment are responsible for the individual flora species that grow in some areas but not in others. This variation in plant types is important to provide different habitats and food sources for Australian wildlife and marine species. Experiment 2 Soil Permeability: Aim: To observe the rate at which 50mL of water passes through different samples of saturated soil and mud. Prediction: I predict that it will take the longest amount of time for 50mL of water to pass through the Outer Zone Mud. I predict that it will take the shortest amount of time for 50mL of water to pass through the Trinity Beach Soil Sample. Materials: * 6 x 100mL measuring cylinders * 3 x Mud samples from different areas of the mangroves (Inner, Middle and Outer Zones) * 1 x 100mL beaker * Disposable Gloves * 3 x Samples of various areas (Beach, Rainforest and Clay Soil) * Filter Wool * 6 x 75mm filter funnels * 6 x Timers Diagram: (For Steps 8 and 9) Procedure: 1. Loosely plug the necks of all the filter funnels with filter wool and place a 100mL measuring cylinder beneath each of them. 2. Take up the first funnel. Fill the funnel about one third with the first sample of dry dirt. 3. Repeat this for each individual funnel and dirt sample. 4. Place each funnel in a 100mL measuring cylinder. 5. Pour approximately 50mL of water in each funnel. 6. Allow the water to filter through the dirt until it stops dripping. This is the point at which the dirt is fully saturated. 7. When this point is reached empty the cylinders and replace back under the saturated soil funnels. 8. Pair each funnel and measuring cylinder set up with a Timer. Add 50mL of water to each funnel and start their timers as you do so. 9. Time how long it takes for the 50mL to pass through each sample that is until the drip rate is less than one drip per minute. 10. Do NOT discard the saturated soil sample as it will be used in Experiment 3. Results: Sample Type Time It Takes For 50mL To Pass Through Saturated Sample Inner Zone 13.56 minutes Middle Zone 17.32 minutes Outer Zone 23.14 minutes Clay Soil No Dripping At All Trinity Beach Soil (Sand) 17.32 minutes Rainforest Soil 7.54 minutes Discussion: Soil naturally traps water and this can be determined by testing it for Soil Permeability. It took the longest for the 50mL of water to drip through the clay because it didnt drip at all. Clay is a highly water absorbing substance and when wet the particles cling together creating a thick goop. This thick clay settled in the bottom of the funnel. There were no more gaps to allow water to flow through so it accumulated in the funnel. In the environment clay soil also absorbs this water and when it reaches a certain point of water absorbency it can no longer absorb any more water. This non-absorbed water runs off the clay soil and floods nearby rivers and creeks. This not only becomes damaging floodwater but it limits the clay to how much nutrients they can absorb through the water. The drainage of soil is also important. Soil that either drains to fast or drains to slow can affect the floras growth. The clay could not drain and this would lead to root rot and lack of oxygen available to the plants roots. Mangrove mud can absorb a lot of water and therefore trap a lot of nutrients. However they also contain a lot of clay (26% to 46%) and this along with the increase in water due to tidal activity makes it difficult for mangroves to absorb oxygen through underground root systems. This is the reason that mangroves have evolved to have roots like stilt roots, aerial roots and knee roots. The rainforest soil drained the fastest of all the soil samples. Rainforest soil is full of flora debris that creates well draining holes in the soil. The soil is also well aerated which allows gaps for the water to run through. This is not a problem for the flora as it is well known that a lot of rain falls in rainforest areas. Conclusion: It is necessary to have a good balance of absorbency and drainage to make conditions for flora growth as good as possible. Mangroves live in a less suited environment and this has been the reason for the evolution of above ground roots to breath and help with stability. Experiment 3 Field Capacity: Aim: To measure the water-holding ability of a soil. This is to get an idea of the maximum amount of soil moisture available to plants, since the water which drains off due to gravity is in the root zone too briefly to be absorbed. Prediction: I predict that the Rainforest Soil will have the best water-holding ability however the Inner Zone Mud will hold the least amount of water.. Equipment: * The 6 Saturated Soil samples left over from the last experiment * 6 x 100mL beakers * 6 x plastic spoons or spatulas * Balance accurate to 0.01g * Permanent marker * Drying oven set at no more than 105à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C Procedure: 1. Label each evaporating dish so that later when the saturated soil sample is added it is not confused with the other ones. 2. Weigh each evaporating and record its weight under its appropriate name on the results table. 3. Transfer each soil sample to its appropriately labeled evaporating dish (do not include the filter wool used in the last experiment). 4. Weigh each evaporating dish along with its soil sample. Subtract the weight of the evaporating dish from this weight to find the weight of the Soil + Water. 5. Place the dishes in a drying oven at 100à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C and allow the dish to dry for 24 hours. 6. Allow the evaporating dishes to cool then weigh them. Subtract the weight of the dish from this weight to find the weight of dry soil. 7. Subtract the weight of dry soil away from the weight of the original soil + water to find the weight of water lost. Results: Trinity Beach Stoney Creek Rainforest Clay Outer Zone Mud Middle Zone Mud Inner Zone Mud 1. Mass of Evaporating Dish 49.62 41.62 48.09 43.51 48.22 45.31 2. Mass of Evaporating Dish and Saturated Soil 97.71 78.78 90.31 83.88 82.00 85.29 3. Mass of Saturated Soil (2 1) 48.09 37.16 42.22 40.37 33.78 39.98 4. Mass of Evaporating Dish and Dry Soil (Final Mass) 87.22 63.07 79.09 68.25 70.81 70.87 5. Mass of Dry Soil (4 1) 37.60 21.45 31.00 24.74 22.59 25.56 6. Mass of Water in Soil (3 5) 10.49 15.71 11.22 15.63 11.19 14.42 7. Percent of Water in Soil Mass Of Water (6) Mass Of Saturated Soil (3) 21.81 % 42.28 % 26.58 % 38.72 % 33.13 % 36.07 % Discussion: Field capacity is a measurement of the water-holding ability of individual soils. Soil can only hold so much water and then the rest becomes drain off. This in turn is the maximum amount of water available to the flora growing in that soil. The Stoney Creek Rainforest soil sample contained the most amount of water held in the sample (42.28%). This high percentage means that this particular soil sample holds the most amount of nutrient rich water for flora use. This is highly beneficial for the use of the plant at that time and also for storage of water and nutrients for later. The increased holding ability of the soil means that less water is wasted. The soil with the least holding ability is the Trinity Beach sand (21.81%). The Trinity Beach sand sample is obviously from the beach and this is by a tidal mass of water. These tidal tendencies soak the soil say once a day. The tide is always going to be there so the soil does not need to store as much water. Also it is not capable of storing a lot of water because of its grainy structure instead of finer particles (silt and clay) that can absorb water (Experiment 1). Mangroves need to absorb a lot of water to obtain as much nutrients as possible. Mangrove mud is able to hold a lot of water (33% to 39%) however this water is predominantly saline. The mangroves have evolved to use this nutrient rich water by filtering out the salt. This leaves the plant with fresh water filled with the nutrients. Conclusion: It is necessary for some soils to absorb a lot of water but it is also important to have a certain level of drainage ability. If the soil absorbed ALL of the water then root rot would occur. Also if all of this water was absorbed then the ground beneath our feet would become a sloppy mess unsuitable for walking on. Experiment 4 Capillary Action Of Soil: Aim: To observe the rate at which water is absorbed into different soil samples using a Capillary Action setup (see Diagram). Water is absorbed by soil as the soil contains small spaces where water can be held. Prediction: I predict that the Stoney Creek rainforest will absorb the most amount of water over the designated days and the Inner Mud Zone will absorb the least. Materials; * 2 x Mud samples from different areas of the mangroves (Inner ; Middle Zones) * 3 x Samples of various areas (Beach, Rainforest and Clay Soil) * 5 x 50cm Clear Plastic Tube, approximately 2cm in diameter. * 5 x Clamps and Stands * 5 x bottom half of Petri Dishes * Permanent marker * Filter Wool * Beaker to top up Petri Dishes * Ruler marked with millimeters Note: The Outer Zone mud sample was too hard to insert and pack into a tube so it was not tested. Diagram: Procedure: 1. Loosely plug one end of each plastic tube with filter wool and trim the excess ends. 2. Label each tube and three quarters fill the named tube with the appropriate dried soil. 3. Tap the tubes to settle the soil. 4. Clamp the tubes above a Petri dish so that it is held just off the bottom of the dish. 5. Fill the Petri dish with water and refill it when necessary during the experiment. 6. Measure the height of the water absorbed up the tube at the time intervals shown in Table 4. Results: Monday 21 May Tuesday 22 May Wednesday 23 May Rate of Absorbency (average mm per day) 30 mins 10:00 am 1 hour 10:30 am 2 hours 11:30 am 3 hours 12:30 am 4 hours 1:30 pm 24 hours 9:30 am 48 hours 9:30 am Inner Zone Mud 34 mm 40 mm 52 mm 53 mm 55 mm 105 mm 146 mm 48.7 mm per day Middle Zone Mud 32 mm 33 mm 41 mm 44 mm 45 mm 71 mm 93 mm 31 mm per day Trinity Beach 94 mm 99 mm 114 mm 124 mm 133 mm 184 mm 243 mm 81 mm per day Clay 36 mm 39 mm 52 mm 53 mm 64 mm 107 mm 219 mm 73 mm per day Stoney Creek Rainforest 44 mm 47 mm 54 mm 55 mm 56 mm 120 mm 121 mm 40.3 mm per day Discussion: All soil samples have small gaps between the particles where water is absorbed and stored. All soil samples have their own characteristics and this could account for the individual rates at which they are able to absorb water. The Trinity Beach Soil sample absorbed the most amount of water in 3 days (243mm). This sample has a high percentage of sand grains in its soil. These grains are quite large and because of their irregular shape when packed together they are not completely fitting. This leaves small gaps between the grains where water can be absorbed. The Middle Zone Mud sample absorbed the least amount of water in 3 days (93mm). I do not believe this is an accurate reading because when it came time to fill the plastic tube with the sample it was extremely difficult as the Middle Zone Mud had bonded together. This was due to the clay percentage in the soil. When the soil dried so had the clay and this formed an almost rock like substance. This was also the reason why the Outer Zone Mud sample was not tested. It had also become a solid mass that could not be sieved to obtain the finer particles needed for this experiment. In previous experiments mangrove mud was quite high in the amount of water present in its soil. Also in experiment 2 Soil Permeability the Outer Zone and also the Middle Zone mud drained the fastest and this was due to the fact that they had gaps in between their particles to allow water to flow through. This is similar to the principle used in this experiment so I would assume that had this experiment been done accurately that these two zones would have absorbed close to the highest amounts absorbed over 3 days. Mangroves thrive in these muddy environments and have learnt to avoid the drowning affect that extensive amounts of water often have on plants. Some species of mangrove have evolved to have above ground roots such as stilt roots and aerial roots. When the tide begins to rise in the areas where mud is present (around the coastline) it is quickly absorbed into the mud and held there. This provides nutrients for the mangroves but without the above ground roots they would be dead. This strategy that the mangroves have helps to support my theory that the Outer and Middle Zone mud must be able to absorb water at quite a fast rate even though the reading for Middle Zone mud says otherwise. Conclusion: The ability to absorb a lot of water at a relatively fast rate is important to trap nutrients in the soil. However it is important to balance the soil to water ratio because flooded soil is not what the plants need. Experiment 5 Soil pH: Aim: To observe the individual pH levels of soils. Prediction: I predict that the Middle Zone Mud sample will have the highest acidity (below 7). Trinity Beach on the other hand will have the lowest acidity (higher than 7). Materials: * 3 x Mud samples from different areas of the mangroves (Inner, Middle and Outer Zones) * 3 x Samples of various areas (Beach, Rainforest and Clay Soil) * pH kit * Distilled water * 6 x small beakers * 6 x stirring rods * Permanent marker Procedure: 1. Label each beaker and add the appropriate dried soil to each beaker. Make sure each soil sample is approximately the same. 2. Add approximately the same amount of distilled water to each beaker. 3. Thoroughly stir the beakers to dissolve as much soil as possible. 4. Test each beaker of soil sample with the pH tester and remember to wash the tester with distilled water after every beaker. Results: Soil Sample Ph level Trinity Beach 6.1 Stoney Creek Rainforest 6.7 Clay 5.9 Outer Zone Mud 7.0 Middle Zone Mud 7.2 Inner Zone Mud 8.4 Discussion: Soil pH is an indication of the alkalinity or acidity of soil. A pH meter ranges from 0 to 14 and 7 is the point at which soil is deemed neutral. Some plants tend to thrive in one condition but placed in another death is inevitable. They prefer either one or the other along with many soil organisms that live alongside the flora. The pH of the soil can also affect the availability of nutrients. The table below left shows the different types of nutrients available to flora depending on the pH of the soil. The table at the right shows the scale of pH and how to read this scale. Acid Neutral Alkali 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 nitrogen, N phosphorus, P potassium, K calcium, Ca magnesium, Mg sulphur, S iron, Fe manganese, Mn boron, B copper, Cu zinc, Zn molybdenum, Mo The pH of soil can be affected by decomposing matter, rainfall, fertilisers, and the original materials that the soil was formed from. Soil that is mixed with rocks that have a low pH reading generally have a higher acidity level. The soil that has been mixed with rocks that have a high pH will have a lower acidity level (a basic pH level). When it rains nutrients are leached from the soil by the passing water. This is a good thing as it makes the nutrients available for the plants however it does change the acidity level as these nutrients are being replaced by acidic elements such as aluminium and iron. This is asumed to be the reason why soil formed in rainy conditions is more acidic than that formed in dryer conditions. The decomposition of matter also makes the soil more acidic. The Inner Zone Mud sample had the highest pH reading (8.4). This reading, using the pH scale rates the soil as Moderatly Alkine. The other mud samples are closer to 7 and nutural and this could be due to the fact that the Inner Zone is not as flushed with floodwater and tide as the other Zones and therefore the soil is not subject to changes in acidity in the ways stated above. The soil with the lowest pH reading was the Clay sample (5.9). Using the pH scale this means that the soil is Moderatly acid. I am not too sure of the accuracy of this reading as it does not agree with the facts on pH examined above. A search on the internet comes up with the following results. More often than not, clay soil is alkaline (has a high pH).1 Conclusion: The acidity of the soil is affected by elements of nature such as rainfall, decomposing of matter and rock matter present in the soil. It is also STRONGLY affected by fertilisers washed into the soil from farms and gardens. Experiment 6 Soil Organic Matter (Humus): Aim: To determine the percentage of soil organic matter (Humus) in each soil sample through heating. Prediction: I predict that the rainforest will contain the most amount of Humus and that the clay will contain the least amount of Humus. Materials: * The six dry soil samples form experiment 3 Field Capacity. * 6 x evaporating dishes * 6 x heat mats, tripod, pipe clay triangle and wire gauze * 6 x Bunsen burner * Metal Spatula * Tongs * Balance accurate to 0.01g Diagram: Procedure: 1. Label each evaporating dish and weigh it. Record each weight at its appropriate name on the results table. 2. Add the dry soil samples from experiment 3 to their appropriately labeled dish. 3. Find the Mass of the dry soil present (No 3 on the results table) by subtracting the mass of the Evaporating dish from the mass of the evaporating dish PLUS the dry soil. 4. Set up the 6 sets of Bunsen burner, heat mat, tripod, pipe clay triangle and wire gauze as shown in the diagram. 5. Heat the soil strongly for 15 minutes remembering to turn it often with the spatula during heating. 6. Remove the dishes from the heat and allow them to cool on a heat mat. 7. Weigh them all again and record the weights in the No 4 column. 8. Work out the other weights using (No 5 and No 6) the results table. 9. Work out the Percentages using the formula shown. Results: Trinity Beach Stoney Creek Rainforest Clay Outer Zone Mud Middle Zone Mud Inner Zone Mud 1. Mass of Evaporating Dish 49.62 41.62 48.09 43.51 48.22 45.31 2. Mass of Evaporating Dish and Air-Dry Soil 87.22 63.07 79.09 68.25 70.81 70.87 3. Mass of Air Dry Soil (2 1) 37.60 21.45 31.00 24.74 22.59 25.56 4. Mass of Evaporating Dish and Soil After Strong Heating 86.14 60.83 77.94 66.34 69.67 70.53 5. Mass of Heated Soil (4 1) 36.52 19.21 29.85 22.83 21.45 25.22 6. Mass of Organic Matter (3 5) 1.08 2.24 1.15 1.91 1.14 0.34 7. Percent Of Organic Matter Mass of Organic Matter (6) Mass of Air-Dry Soil (3) 2.87 % 10.44 % 3.71 % 7.72 % 5.07 % 1.33 % Discussion: Organic matter in the soil is debris that has been discarded by other flora and this acts like mulch. It releases nutrients into the soil as the bacteria and fungi decompose it. In soil such as Stoney Creek Rainforest the percentage of Humus is relatively high in comparison to the actual soil (10.44%). This is due to the fact that Rainforests contain a huge number of plants which are constantly depositing dead leaf litter and branches. These are in turn decomposed to form smaller particles that become part of the soil below. These smaller particles also help to create gaps in the soil that can be used to absorb water/nutrients and also to aerate the soil. The Inner Zone Mud sample contained the least amount of Humus (1.33%). This is because not very much can grow in its soil. Some of the smaller species of mangroves do grow their but they do not exceed about 2.5m in height. The Inner Zone is too far away from the tidal area to be able to absorb much water. This leaves this area with limited nutrient supply and also limited water supply. When the soil was collected from this area it was dry and hard to dig up however the mud collected from the Outer Zone was goopy and sticky. These differences are due to the fact that one area gets more water than the other. In the Outer Zone much more flora grows and this in turn creates more leaf litter and debris to be absorbed into the soil. Conclusion: Not only does Humus provide gaps for water to be absorbed into but it also provides extra nutrients for plants. The percentage of Humus depends on the amount of vegetation growing in the soil and also the tendencies for those plants to deposit leaves and other debris. Experiment 7 Identifying Bacteria Growth in Soil Aim: To determine the amount of Bacteria and Fungi growth in different soil samples. To compare the growth against each other to determine which area has the greatest amount of decomposers. Prediction: I predict that the Rainforest sample will have the most amounts of Bacteria and Fungi and that the Inner Zone Mud sample will have the least amount of Bacteria and Fungi. Materials: * Enough Molten Agars to fill 6 Petri Dishes * Distilled water * Permanent Marker * 6 Beakers * Stirring Rods * 6 pipettes * Sticky Tape * 3 x Mud samples from different areas of the mangroves (Inner, Middle and Outer Zones) * 3 x Samples of various areas (Beach, Rainforest and Clay Soil) * Camera * Incubator Diagrams: Diagram 1: Diagram 2: Diagram 3: Procedure: 1. Warm up pre prepared agar until it becomes molten. 2. Whilst the agar is warming take the 6 small beakers and label them. 3. Add 1 teaspoon of dirt to the appropriately named beaker and add 50mL of water to each beaker. 4. Thoroughly mix the dirt in the beaker until as much of it has dissolved as possible. 5. Label 6 sets of Agar plates. 6. For each plate half fill it with agar then add a sample of the appropriate soil sample using a pipette. Put the lid on and firmly sticky tape it shut. 7. Repeat this with the other 5 agar plates. 8. Place all the agar plates in an incubator at 20à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C. Results: Inner Zone Mud sample Middle Zone Mud sample Outer Zone Mud sample Trinity Beach sample Stoney Creek Rainforest sample Clay sample Discussion: It is difficult to see the details in the pictures above but when viewing them naturally it was possible to see that the Beach grew the most Fungi and Bacteria. This was the amount visible in the agar not by separating the colonies into either Fungi or Bacteria. Soil pH affects the suitability for fungi and bacteria growth. The pH of the beach was moderately acidic and this is only slightly below the pH level preferred by most soil bacteria. Fungi, moulds and anaerobic bacteria and tend to multiply in higher numbers the lower the pH level is. This is in accordance with the low pH of the Trinity Beach Sample. Conclusion: Bacteria and fungi growth is predominatly determined by the pH levels of the soil. Summary: Different soil types have individual characteristics which in turn affect the vegetation growth in that particular soil. Below are the results of all of the experiments (excluding Experiment 7). Inner Zone Mud Middle Zone Mud Outer Zone Mud Stoney Creek Rainforest Trinity Beach Sand Clay Soil % Sand 41.46 % 29.73 % 9.80 % Minimal 84.85 % 22.22 % % Silt 31.71 % 24.32 % 56.86 % à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 76.32 % 12.12 % 24.07 % % Clay 26.83 % 45.95 % 33.34 % 23.68 % 3.03 % 53.70 % Time It Takes For 50mL Of Water To Pass Through Saturated Soil Sample 13.56 mins 17.2 mins 23.14 mins 7.54 mins 17.32 mins No Dripping Percent of Water in Soil 36.07 % 33.13 % 38.72 % 42.28 % 21.81 % 26.58 % Average Rate Of Absorbency Per Day Over 3 Days 48.7 mm 31 mm N/A 40.3 mm 81 mm 73 mm pH Of Soil 8.4 7.2 7.0 6.7 6.1 5.9 Percent Of Organic Matter In Soil 1.33 % 5.07 % 7.72 % 10.44 % 2.87 % 3.71 % The Stoney Creek Rainforest is overall the best soil sample. The soil sample has good drainage which avoids root rot and oxygen deprival because of too much water flooding the soil. However the soil sample can also hold a lot of water which is necessary for trapping nutrients in the soil. The pH of the soil is close to neutral which is good for promoting Bacteria and Fungal growth. These Bacteria and Fungi help to decompose the high percentage of Organic Matter present in this soil type. The vegetation in the Stoney Creek Rainforest area where this sample was collected is thriving with lush, tropical plants. This type of vegetation needs a lot of water and the soil provides necessary water holding abilities and absorbency rates to hold this water. The flora growing in this area is prone to shedding leaves and this is accountable for the high percentage of Organic Matter. Rainforest soil is appropriate for most flora growth as it contains high nutrient levels. However the soil drains really fast and if clearing occurs the topsoil is easily washed away. The soil which is least suitable for soil growth is Clay. It does not drain easily however it also absorbs water at a relatively strong rate. This is not a good combination as it leaves the soil open to over saturation and also oxygen depletion. This over saturation causes the soil to become unsuitable for most vegetation growth. Most plants prefer well drained soil. Mangroves have evolved to live in saline environments whose soil is flooded half the day at least. They have evolved to have above ground roots that help the plant to breath. These roots also provide stability for the plants in mud that is soft and often unstable due to the high percentage in water. The Outer Zone Mud sample and the Middle Zone Mud Sample both had relatively neutral pH and this preferable pH level was backed up by the higher percentage in vegetation compared to the Inner Zone Mud sample where less vegetation grew along with less water content. All vegetation growth is affected by the soil environment they are in however some plants have adapted to better suit this difference.

Balanced Budget Amendment 1997 Analysis

Balanced Budget Amendment 1997 Analysis Balanced Budget Amendment Vu Luu    Introduction In March 4, 1997, the balanced budget amendment was defeated in the United States Senate by just one vote. Fast forward to the present, the United States is facing a $17 trillion deficit versus the $5 trillion in 1997. The question that remains to be asked is had the balanced budget amendment passed the United States Senate and approved by Congress in 1997, would we be facing the debt crisis that we are facing today? Based on my conclusion, the answer that I believe is no, the debt crisis would not have been as severe as it is today. In this paper I will argue why the United States need a national balanced budget amendment in the constitution. In particular, I will discuss the following points to back up my claim; future implications if no changes in policies and solving government spending. As the United States’ federal deficit continues to grow, many are asking for a balanced budget amendment to be added to the constitu tion. A balanced budget amendment would require the federal government not to spend more than it receives in revenue. This means it would be unconstitutional and against the law for the federal government to accumulate budget deficits. THE NATIONAL DEBT ISN’T GOING TO GO AWAY According to the 2012 Congressional Budget Office report, our current policies will eventually lead to a federal debt that would eventually reach a 90% gross domestic product by 2022, 109% by 2026, and 200% by 2037 (CBO 11). These estimates are based on the assumption that our current laws remain generally unchanged and that our spending policies which is the cause of the accumulation of budget deficits remain the same. The CBO budget estimates are also based on forecasts of economic state, demographic trends, and past experience. The other interesting estimate that the CBO reported was that even if there were general changes in our current laws, they estimate that the budget deficit would reach about 60 % of GDP by 2020 which is only 10% lower than our current situation (CBO 7). As indicated by the chart above, our annual deficit through 2021 would never drop below $1 trillion dollars under current policies. Although the main cause of the spike in deficit spending from 2008-2011 was mainly due to the recession, the Congressional Budget Office doesn’t believe the United States would recover under current laws. The balance budget amendment does allow exception, which in this case is the recession. If the national balance budget amendment was in place then after 2011, the annual deficit would only go down because of the radical budget changes in programs. It’s pretty apparent that the money we are borrowing is increasing more and more, but what will happen when it reaches that point when we have to start repaying these loans? The government textbook gives us a great example of what happened to Greece when they couldn’t pay off all their loans. The interest rates o n Greek government went way up and by 2011, they had to pay 25% to obtain a two-year loan from private sector (Sidlow 6). Compared to the United States, we are paying a mere 0.44% compared to the 25% Greece had to pay. The ending results in the Greek government shut out of private borrowing and had to depend on other European countries. The Greece example and the CBO’s estimates are huge future implications and urge for huge changes in our policies which I believe is the federal balanced budget amendment.

Foucault Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foucault - Essay Example This evolution of his theory can be traced from 1960's to 1980's and reveal a pattern of study of how power influences decision-making. In 1960's he uses terms like 'contestation' and 'transgression' and uses them interchangeably. In 1970's Foucault moved to 'struggle' and 'resistance' which are again synonymous. And finally in 1980's he used the term 'agonism'. All these terms used through a period of time defining his core focus on the play of resistance, and Foucault's conceptualization of power rather than strict references made to limits. (AMOUDI) Foucault's power-resistance relation is a dynamic analysis of the modern day world. The groundwork of the role of power being laid in the previous theories which evolved between 1960's and 1970's, the economics of power has been more rigorously presented in these theories. Michel Foucault goes further to give a definition of power relations in an essay published in 1982: 'The exercise of power is not simply a relationship between partners, individual or collective; it is a way in which certain actions modify others' Although the exercise of power may need violence or consent, these are not inherent to a power relation. Moreover, one of the consequences of this limit to power is that resistance is the sine qua non condition for power. Indeed, a power relation, is not an action which determines another action, but an action which influences an other action by determining a field of possibility for it. In this field of possibility, ways of resisting are by definition present. The second limit set to power relations, therefore, is fight. According to Foucault, the goal of a fight is either to force the opponent to abandon the game (hence a victory which dissolves the power relation) or to set up a new relation of power. In other words, there is circularity between power relations open to fight and a fight aiming at power relations. Therefore there is a constant instability in a power relationship which excludes by definition any form of determinism. By stressing the ontological link between power and resistance, Foucault invites us to understand his reading of the mechanisms of power h e highlights. Power is to be understood then as a form of power, which is perpetually confronted with potential (and some time actual) resistance. (AMOUDI) In his book Order of Things and Foucault Reader, he addresses the power of observation and the impact of it on the observed. He emphasizes that observing people and judging them requires a degree of conformity, which is less obvious and subsequently, according to Foucault more powerful because of its restrained state. This same impact is seen in Panopticism where Foucault shows a transition in prison systems from physical manipulation to implicit manipulation. This new form of control is implemented through a physical construction that creates the illusion of continual surveillance. This surveillance creates the impetus for self-control. It is the power of being observed which places the role of control on the subjects. People control themselves out of a desire not to be looked down upon - to control their own public reputations. Panopticism works in a similar way - by continual observation or the illusion of continual observation, people are expected to continually discipline thems elves so as to avoid being disciplined by an external source (Foucault & Rabinow) The power which is

Contemporary & Future Challenges in HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contemporary & Future Challenges in HRM - Essay Example They help an organization to form a competitive edge in which may be difficult for competitors to have. Therefore the function of the human resource department then becomes central to the operation of any organization. The department is given the role of hiring, supervising and organizing training and development of the workforce. Therefore it is important to the management and development of the workforce. In order to function properly, human resource department comes with particular policies and strategic plans that act as guidelines on how the organization is going to function. These policies and guidelines helps the organization to function properly in light of various workforce need for the organization. In order to ensure that these polices meets the needs for the organization and of the workforce, strategic human resource management (SHRM) has become the cornerstone for planning any human resource activities in an organization. Therefore SHRM has become the central focus to the operation of the human resource. SHRM implies the organized way in which the human resource department and in this case the whole organization comes up with strategies to manage the workforce. It involves taking into consideration a number of perspectives which are important of the operation of the department as a whole. ... It is a broader perspective of the HR department and its functions. One of the key components that have enabled the concept of SHRM to take root has been the changing wave of technology in the market. The use of modern technology has been one of the most important factors that have enabled the human resource department to implement various strategies that have been aimed at making its work easier. This paper will look into how technology has been used in the department and the future operations of the department in light of the changing technology in the market. Use of technology in the HRM department Human resource technology has been emerging in the market as the new discipline which has tried to integrate the use of technology in the function of the HRM department. In this case it has been working to ensure that there is application of appropriate technology in HRM in order to enhance the functioning the department. Technology has affected positively and negative to all the spheres of life. While it may have led to loss of jobs, it has been able to increase efficiency, accuracy and time completion of function. The modern technology especially the evolution in the use of computers can be held responsible for having created an effective work place. There has been reduction of errors as a result of manual computation and at the same time there has been increase effective and timely delivery of the needed data. Technology has found a place to be used in the while organizations. It has dictated the standards of an acceptable modern office whose efficiency is riveted on the amount of advanced technology equipment that have been installed. (Bates 2002, p. 82) The revolution of modern technology has affected all

Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Oedipus the King - The Para

A Paradox: Oedipus's Free will in the Play Oedipus Rex William Shakespeare once wrote, "Who can control his fate?" (Othello, Act v, Sc.2).  A hero and leader must acknowledge above all else his honor, and the pride of his image.   In ancient Greek beliefs, a hero was a man who stood taller than the rest; he was able to better any conflict.   He did this not for himself or for any token award that may be given to him, but for the security of his fellow man.   Physical strength and superior wit are the two major characteristics of a hero.   These characteristics may be destined; but the use of them to help his fellow man is will.   Sophocles's short play Oedipus Rex is a tale of a hero's ascent to King and tragic fall.   The young Prince Oedipus leaves his home in Corinth and arrives at Thebes, only to find that the town is cursed by the Sphinx.   After solving the riddle given by the Sphinx, the blight is lifted, and the town declares Oedipus as their new leader and King.   After a long rein Oedipus's ruling comes to a h eartrending fall.   Through his journey, we as readers are able to see the perils and obstacles facing the hero.   Yet we are never sure if the voyage was predetermined by the gods, or whether Oedipus alone is responsible for his actions?   Greek beliefs show Oedipus's realization of the truth and horrific blinding can be thought as a direct consequence of his actions taken from free will. Oedipus is a hero.   Oedipus makes an unaided choice to follow his destiny, (A destiny that he imagined for himself) to become a man that has no fear and will pursue justice at any cost.   The choices made by Oedipus makes him a touching character and not merely a puppet of the gods.   This can be more clearly seen in the quote of Oedi... ...egardless he pays no attention and hard-headily continues his investigation. My own good Snaps my patience, then; I want none of it. (55) From the above quotes and text it may be projected that indeed Oedipus was a man of free will.   To conclude, the life and path of Oedipus can be looked at as his own.   His intensions and thoughts throughout the entire play were nothing but pure. My old lacrosse coach, a man that has been through what seems the worst in life once said,"10% of life is given to us, and 90% is what we do with it."   Oedipus was a hero and had the ability to carve his own trail, though his persona of the hero made it easy to fall into many of the traps he fell in to.   Regardless, to look Oedipus's life as a predetermined story demoralizes the morals and heart of this play. The greatest griefs are those we cause ourselves (Oedipus Rex Pg. 65) Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Oedipus the King - The Para A Paradox: Oedipus's Free will in the Play Oedipus Rex William Shakespeare once wrote, "Who can control his fate?" (Othello, Act v, Sc.2).  A hero and leader must acknowledge above all else his honor, and the pride of his image.   In ancient Greek beliefs, a hero was a man who stood taller than the rest; he was able to better any conflict.   He did this not for himself or for any token award that may be given to him, but for the security of his fellow man.   Physical strength and superior wit are the two major characteristics of a hero.   These characteristics may be destined; but the use of them to help his fellow man is will.   Sophocles's short play Oedipus Rex is a tale of a hero's ascent to King and tragic fall.   The young Prince Oedipus leaves his home in Corinth and arrives at Thebes, only to find that the town is cursed by the Sphinx.   After solving the riddle given by the Sphinx, the blight is lifted, and the town declares Oedipus as their new leader and King.   After a long rein Oedipus's ruling comes to a h eartrending fall.   Through his journey, we as readers are able to see the perils and obstacles facing the hero.   Yet we are never sure if the voyage was predetermined by the gods, or whether Oedipus alone is responsible for his actions?   Greek beliefs show Oedipus's realization of the truth and horrific blinding can be thought as a direct consequence of his actions taken from free will. Oedipus is a hero.   Oedipus makes an unaided choice to follow his destiny, (A destiny that he imagined for himself) to become a man that has no fear and will pursue justice at any cost.   The choices made by Oedipus makes him a touching character and not merely a puppet of the gods.   This can be more clearly seen in the quote of Oedi... ...egardless he pays no attention and hard-headily continues his investigation. My own good Snaps my patience, then; I want none of it. (55) From the above quotes and text it may be projected that indeed Oedipus was a man of free will.   To conclude, the life and path of Oedipus can be looked at as his own.   His intensions and thoughts throughout the entire play were nothing but pure. My old lacrosse coach, a man that has been through what seems the worst in life once said,"10% of life is given to us, and 90% is what we do with it."   Oedipus was a hero and had the ability to carve his own trail, though his persona of the hero made it easy to fall into many of the traps he fell in to.   Regardless, to look Oedipus's life as a predetermined story demoralizes the morals and heart of this play. The greatest griefs are those we cause ourselves (Oedipus Rex Pg. 65)

Modernism in “A passage to India”

Modernism refers to a classification of literature that was written between 1914 and 1965.   E. M. Forster's A Passage to India was published in 1924, placing it in the early years of the Modernist Period as well as within the Georgian Age (Harmon 597).   In art and literature, Modernism paralleled the rise of industrial technology and advances in science. In music, atonalism – that is, music which deliberately avoids key centers and is often dissonant – was produced by composers such as Arnold Schoenberg. Visual art found expression in cubism. Theories by Sigmund Freud also had a powerful influence on this movement. In literature, the Modernistic writing style is characterized by breaking with tradition.   It is inner-self oriented, and that inner-self is often explored using a stream of consciousness manner.   Modernism rejects traditional values and assumptions.   The individual takes pride of place while the social and outward are cast aside.   Some scholars see Modernism as a reaction to the practical and systematic sensibilities of Realism and Naturalism (Harmon 326). Not surprisingly, the Modern Era was also when Existentialism came into prominence – a related philosophy in which human beings are expected to create their own meaning for existence.   Forster's â€Å"Oriental-leaning† characters in this novel provide examples of a Modernistic mindset contrasting with the traditional English Imperialist mindset provided by other characters. Forster uses the symbol of water to represent the idea of renewal in the â€Å"Temple† chapter. There is an event in which the Hindus are â€Å"preparing to throw God away† (Forster 308), and part of the ceremony involves a replica of the village of Gokul that is placed on a tray and is to perish.   Meanwhile, the British and others are in boats out in the water, observing the festivities, and the boats collide, expelling the passengers.   The symbolic village perishes so that it can be renewed, and is representative of the renewal of mindsets of some of the passengers in the boats. Aziz in particular in the latter portion of the â€Å"Temple† section, exhibits several examples of stream of consciousness thinking.   In one instance Fielding asks Aziz to meet with Stella and Ralph, and Aziz does not reply.   Instead, the reader is allowed into his thoughts, which are not linear but circular, and is one example of how a human mind jumps around from topic to feeling to emotion and back (Forster 314). Because Forster is examining traditional values through a Modernistic lens in this novel, material detail is much less important than what the characters are thinking.   The action in this story is in each character's mind, and how they grapple with new ideas concerning culture, religion, and morality. Professor Godbole and Mrs. Moore express their inner character and the workings of their minds in an â€Å"Oriental† manner, embodied in the Hindu sensibility.   Mrs. Moore, although a Christian, is accepted into Oriental culture, and she clashes with Heaslop prior to Aziz's trial.   Heaslop does not understand his mother because he does not recognize her spirituality, and he sides with the English Imperialist mindset against Aziz, the Oriental.   Mrs. Moore will have no part in helping her son succeed to the detriment of an Oriental.   She ultimately leaves India and the trial (Forster 201). In A Passage to India, Forster uses Modernism to explore the inclusive attitude of the â€Å"Oriental† and how diverse people make their passages in coming to terms with this sensibility.   Forster makes use of a Modernistic approach to help him tell a story with great depth, complexity and surprise. Works Cited Forster, E. M.   A Passage to India.   New York:   Harcourt, 1924. Harmon, William and C. High Holman.   A Handbook to Literature. 7th ed.   Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:   Prentice Hall, 1996.   

Science Changes The World Of Science - 1463 Words

Brandon M Daniels 2/23/15 CH 202 Essay #1 Science Changes the World Science has taken people to places far beyond the stars. Physicists, Scientists, Mathematicians, and Philosophers have shaped most of society’s views of the world we live in. Through theory, experiments, and ideas of the scientific revolution Isaac Newton, Rene Descartes, and Francis Bacon have not only changed the geocentric past but also have had me welcome the heliocentric view. Heliocentrism is the idea Earth as well as other planets revolve around the sun; the sun being the center of our Universe. Geocentrism on the other is a belief all planets as well as the sun revolve around the Earth. Reformers and astronomers had ideas of their own challenging the wisdom of the geocentric past. Isaac Newton, a physicist and mathematician, is known as one of the most influential scientists to date as well as a main symbol in the scientific revolution. Rene Descartes, a French philosopher, is described as a genius is another key figure in the scientific revol ution. Francis Bacon, an English philosopher, created inductive reasoning and is also a main character in the scientific revolution. These men and a few others began what we know as today as the scientific revolution. The scientific revolution is the development of science that changed the views of society and nature. Due to the scientific revolution, scientists, mathematician, physicists, and philosophers, have all challenged the geocentric past. 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